Water may contain harmful micro-organisms such as protozoan, viruses and bacteria. The consumption of water containing these pathogens can result in a set of diseases known as waterborne diseases. Typhoid fever is one example of a waterborne disease that results from the consumption of water containing the Salmonella typhi bacterium, a type of bacteria found in human waste. Water can also be a breeding ground for many insects which act as vectors (agents for transmission) in transmitting pathogens to humans. Mosquitoes are well known vectors for a number of diseases, perhaps the most dangerous of which is malaria. This is an example of a water-related disease, which may be caused by microorganisms and chemicals in water, diseases that have part of their life cycles in water or diseases with water-related vectors. Fortunately, there are affordable treatments for many infectious diseases; but before any treatment can be offered, a diagnosis must be made. Accurate diagnosis also limits the spread of disease by warning others of potentially dangerous contaminants and helps avoid the waste of resources on inappropriate treatments. Many of the diagnostic tools currently in use in the developing world are cumbersome, expensive and time-consuming (Daar et al., 2002). Waterborne and water-related diseases are having drastic impacts on the developing world, and industrialized countries are not immune. Nanotechnology and biotechnology can be harnessed to help control these diseases in some of the world’s most devastated areas including parts of Asia, Africa, South America and the Caribbean. A protected water supply can play a large role in the reduced impact of such diseases. The Ades mosquito, usually Ades Aegypti, breeds in garbage and sewage heavy areas causing disease such as yellow fever and dengue. A water-related insect vector disease will not be stopped simply by clean water and in cases of infection it is necessary to ensure patients receive appropriate treatment. However, many diseases have similar symptoms or signs and laboratory tests may be necessary to ensure appropriate diagnosis. Recent advancements in science indicate it may soon be possible to test a patient’s blood quickly and cheaply in the developing world.